Intermittent fasting, also known as intermittent energy restriction, is an umbrella term for various meal timing schedules that cycle between voluntary fasting (or reduced calories intake) and non-fasting over a given period.[1][2][3]
Three methods of intermittent fasting are alternate-day fasting, periodic fasting, and daily time-restricted feeding.[1][4] Intermittent fasting may be similar to a calorie-restriction diet.[2] Although being studied in the 21st century as a practice to possibly reduce the risk of diet-related diseases,[1][2][5][6][7] intermittent fasting is also regarded as a fad.[8]
The science concerning intermittent fasting is contested. The American Heart Association (AHA) states that intermittent fasting may produce weight loss, reduce insulin resistance, and lower the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, although its long-term sustainability is unknown.[2] The US National Institute on Aging (NIA) recommends against intermittent fasting because of uncertainties about its effectiveness and safety, particularly for the elderly.[9] A 2019 review concluded that in humans, intermittent-fasting interventions may help with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation.[1]
Forms of intermittent fasting exist in various religious practices, including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Buddhism.[3][10][11]
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